6.7. ORM Get

• .get()

• .first()

• .last()

• .earliest()

• .latest()

• .get_or_create()

6.7.1. Get

>>> Customer.objects.get(pk=1)
<Customer: Mark Watney>

6.7.2. Errors

>>> Customer.objects.get(id=999)
Traceback (most recent call last):
shop.models.customer.Customer.DoesNotExist: Customer matching query does not exist.

>>> Customer.objects.get(firstname='Mark')
Traceback (most recent call last):
# shop.models.customer.Customer.MultipleObjectsReturned: get() returned more than one Customer -- it returned 2!

6.7.3. First

>>> Customer.objects.first()
<Customer: Mark Watney>

6.7.4. Last

>>> Customer.objects.last()
<Customer: Melissa Lewis>

6.7.5. Earliest

>>> Customer.objects.earliest('created_date')
<Customer: Mark Watney>

6.7.6. Latest

>>> Customer.objects.latest('created_date')
<Customer: Melissa Lewis>

6.7.7. Try Get

>>> try:
...     user = Customer.objects.get(firstname='Mark', lastname='Lewis')
... except Customer.DoesNotExist:
...     print('Sorry, user does not exist')
... except Customer.MultipleObjectsReturned:
...     print('Sorry, we have more than one user with this name')
Sorry, user does not exist

6.7.8. Get or Create

>>> mark = Customer.objects.get_or_create(
...     firstname='Mark',
...     lastname='Watney',
...     defaults={'is_verified': True},
... )

6.7.9. Get or 404

• Shortcut for getting an object and raising a 404 error if it doesn't exist

• django.shortcuts.get_object_or_404

>>> from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
>>>
>>>
>>> def my_view(request):
...     mark = get_object_or_404(Customer, pk=1)
...     return dict(mark)

6.7.10. Assignments

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select one Customer
#    Where `pk` equals `1`

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz jednego klienta
#    Gdzie `pk` równa się `1`

# %% Hints
# - `.get()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is QuerySet, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Mark Watney>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select one Customer
# Where `pk` equals `1`
# type: QuerySet
result = ...

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select one Customer
#    Where `firstname` equals `Mark`
#    And `lastname` equals `Watney`

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz jednego klienta
#    Gdzie `firstname` równa się `Mark`
#    Oraz `lastname` równa się `Watney`

# %% Hints
# - `.get()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is Customer, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Mark Watney>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select one Customer
# Where `firstname` equals `Mark`
# And `lastname` equals `Watney`
# type: Customer
result = ...

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select first Customer

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz pierwszego klienta

# %% Hints
# - `.first()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is Customer, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Mark Watney>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select first Customer
# type: Customer
result = ...

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select last Customer

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz ostatniego klienta

# %% Hints
# - `.last()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is Customer, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Chris Beck>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select last Customer
# type: Customer
result = ...

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select earliest created Customer

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz najwcześniej stworzonego klienta

# %% Hints
# - `.earliest()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is Customer, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Mark Watney>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select earliest created Customer
# type: Customer
result = ...

# doctest: +SKIP_FILE
# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -v myfile.py`

# %% About
# - Name: Database ORM Get
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 1
# - Minutes: 3

# %% English
# 0. Use `myproject.shop`
# 1. Define variable `result` with result of query:
#    Select latest created Customer

# %% Polish
# 0. Użyj `myproject.shop`
# 1. Zdefiniuj zmienną `result` z wynikiem zapytania:
#    Wybierz najpóźniej stworzonego klienta

# %% Hints
# - `.latest()`

# %% Tests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 10), \
'Python 3.10+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'
>>> assert type(result) is Customer, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be Customer'

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(result)
<Customer: Chris Beck>
"""

# Required for Django to work
import os; os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'myproject.settings'
import django; django.setup()

from shop.models import Customer


# Define variable `result` with result of query:
# Select latest created Customer
# type: Customer
result = ...