6.13. State Machine

• EN: State Machine

• PL: Maszyna Stanów

• Type: class

6.13.1. Pattern

• StateMachine imposes a structure to automatically change the implementation from one object to the next

• The current implementation represents the state that a system is in

• System behaves differently from one state to the next

• The code that moves the system from one state to the next

• Each state can be run() to perform its behavior

• You can pass it an input object so it can tell you what new state to move to based on that input

• Each State object decides what other states it can move to, based on the input

• Each State object has its own little State table

• There is a single master state transition table for the whole system

statemachine TrafficLight:
    Red -> Amber
    Amber (if previous == Red) -> Green
    Green -> Amber
    Amber (if previous == Green) -> Red


Red.wait = sleep(2)
Amber.wait = sleep(1)
Green.wait = sleep(2)

6.13.2. Problem

6.13.3. Solution

from time import sleep


class Light:
    def __init__(self, previous=None):
        self.previous = previous

    def run(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __next__(self):
        raise NotImplementedError


class Red(Light):
    color = 'Red'
    wait = 2

    def run(self):
        print(self.color)
        sleep(self.wait)

    def __next__(self):
        return Amber(previous=self)


class Amber(Light):
    color = 'Amber'
    wait = 1

    def run(self):
        print(self.color)
        sleep(self.wait)

    def __next__(self):
        if isinstance(self.previous, Red):
            return Green(previous=self)
        else:
            return Red(previous=self)


class Green(Light):
    color = 'Green'
    wait = 2

    def run(self):
        print(self.color)
        sleep(self.wait)

    def __next__(self):
        return Amber(previous=self)


class TrafficLights:
    def __init__(self, initial_state=Green(), max_changes=10):
        self.state = initial_state
        self.max_changes = max_changes

    def __iter__(self):
        self.changes = 0
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.changes >= self.max_changes:
            raise StopIteration

        self.changes += 1
        self.state.run()
        self.state = next(self.state)
        return self


for light in TrafficLights(max_changes=10):
    pass

6.13.4. Assignments