6.8. Idiom Map¶

Map (convert) elements in sequence
Generator (lazy evaluated)
map(callable, *iterables)
required callable - Function
required iterables - 1 or many sequence or iterator objects

>>> from inspect import isgeneratorfunction, isgenerator
>>>
>>>
>>> isgeneratorfunction(map)
False
>>>
>>> result = map(float, [1,2,3])
>>> isgenerator(result)
False

6.8.1. Example¶

>>> result = (float(x) for x in range(0,5))
>>>
>>> list(result)
[0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]

>>> result = map(float, range(0,5))
>>>
>>> list(result)
[0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]

6.8.2. Problem¶

>>> data = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = []
>>>
>>> for x in data:
...     result.append(float(x))
>>>
>>> print(result)
[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]

6.8.3. Solution¶

>>> data = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = map(float, data)
>>>
>>> list(result)
[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]

6.8.4. Lazy Evaluation¶

>>> data = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = map(float, data)
>>>
>>> next(result)
1.0
>>> next(result)
2.0
>>> next(result)
3.0
>>> next(result)
Traceback (most recent call last):
StopIteration

6.8.5. Multi Parameters¶

>>> def myfunc(x):
...     return sum(x)
>>>
>>>
>>> DATA = [
...     (1,2),
...     (3,4),
... ]
>>>
>>> result = map(myfunc, DATA)
>>> print(list(result))
[3, 7]

6.8.6. Starmap¶

>>> from itertools import starmap
>>>
>>>
>>> DATA = [
...     (3.1415, 3),
...     (2.71828, 2),
... ]
>>>
>>> result = starmap(round, DATA)  # round(number=3.1415, ndigits=2)
>>> print(list(result))
[3.142, 2.72]

6.8.7. Partial¶

>>> from functools import partial
>>>
>>>
>>> round1 = partial(round, ndigits=1)
>>> DATA = [1.111, 2.222, 3.333]
>>>
>>> result = map(round1, DATA)  # round(number=1.111, ndigits=1)
>>> print(list(result))
[1.1, 2.2, 3.3]

6.8.8. More Args¶

>>> numbers = [1.1111, 2.2222, 3.3333]
>>> prec = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> result = map(round, numbers, prec)
>>> list(result)
[1.1, 2.22, 3.333]

round(1.1111, prec=1)
round(2.2222, prec=2)
round(3.3333, prec=3)

>>> numbers = [1.1111, 2.2222, 3.3333]
>>> prec = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>>
>>> result = map(round, numbers, prec)
>>> list(result)
[1.1, 2.22, 3.333]

>>> numbers = [1.1111, 2.2222, 3.3333, 4.444]
>>> prec = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> result = map(round, numbers, prec)
>>> list(result)
[1.1, 2.22, 3.333]

6.8.9. Performance¶

>>> def even(x):
...     return x % 2 == 0

>>> 
... %%timeit -r 1000 -n 1000
... result = [float(x) for x in data if even(x)]
1.9 µs ± 206 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1000 runs, 1,000 loops each)

>>> 
... %%timeit -r 1000 -n 1000
... result = list(map(float, filter(parzysta, data)))
1.66 µs ± 175 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1000 runs, 1,000 loops each)

6.8.10. Use Case - 0x01¶

Built-in functions:

>>> DATA = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = map(float, DATA)
>>>
>>> tuple(map(float, DATA))
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)

>>> DATA = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = map(float, DATA)
>>>
>>> set(map(float, DATA))
{1.0, 2.0, 3.0}

>>> DATA = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = (float(x) for x in DATA)
>>>
>>> list(result)
[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]

>>> DATA = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3]
>>> result = map(round, DATA)
>>>
>>> list(result)
[1, 2, 3]

6.8.11. Use Case - 0x02¶

>>> def square(x):
...     return x ** 2
>>>
>>>
>>> DATA = [1, 2, 3]
>>> result = map(square, DATA)
>>>
>>> list(result)
[1, 4, 9]

6.8.12. Use Case - 0x03¶

>>> def increment(x):
...     return x + 1
>>>
>>>
>>> DATA = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> result = map(increment, DATA)
>>>
>>> list(result)
[2, 3, 4, 5]

6.8.13. Use Case - 0x04¶

>>> def translate(letter):
...     return PL.get(letter, letter)
>>>
>>>
>>> DATA = 'zażółć gęślą jaźń'
>>> PL = {'ą': 'a', 'ć': 'c', 'ę': 'e',
...       'ł': 'l', 'ń': 'n', 'ó': 'o',
...       'ś': 's', 'ż': 'z', 'ź': 'z'}
>>>
>>> result = map(translate, DATA)
>>> ''.join(result)
'zazolc gesla jazn'

6.8.14. Use Case - 0x05¶

Standard input:

>>> import sys
>>>
>>> 
... print(sum(map(int, sys.stdin)))

$ cat ~/.profile |grep addnum
alias addnum='python -c"import sys; print(sum(map(int, sys.stdin)))"'

6.8.15. Use Case - 0x06¶

>>> import requests
>>>
>>> url = 'https://python3.info/_static/iris-dirty.csv'
>>>
>>> data = requests.get(url).text
>>> header, *rows = data.splitlines()
>>> nrows, nfeatures, *class_labels = header.strip().split(',')
>>> label_encoder = dict(enumerate(class_labels))

>>> result = []
>>> for row in rows:
...     *features, species = row.strip().split(',')
...     features = map(float, features)
...     species = label_encoder[int(species)]
...     row = tuple(features) + (species,)
...     result.append(row)

>>> def decode(row):
...     *features, species = row.strip().split(',')
...     features = map(float, features)
...     species = label_encoder[int(species)]
...     return tuple(features) + (species,)
>>>
>>> result = map(decode, rows)

>>> def decode(row):
...     *features, species = row.strip().split(',')
...     features = map(float, features)
...     species = label_encoder[int(species)]
...     return tuple(features) + (species,)
>>>
>>> with open('/tmp/myfile.csv') as file:  
...     header = file.readline()
...     for line in map(decode, file):
...         print(line)

6.8.16. Use Case - 0x07¶

SetUp:

>>> from doctest import testmod as run_tests

Data [1]:

>>> DATA = """150,4,setosa,versicolor,virginica
... 5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,0
... 7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,1
... 6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,2
... 4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,0
... 6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,1
... 5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,2"""

Definition:

>>> def get_labelencoder(header: str) -> dict[int, str]:
...     """
...     >>> get_labelencoder('150,4,setosa,versicolor,virginica')
...     {0: 'setosa', 1: 'versicolor', 2: 'virginica'}
...     """
...     nrows, nfeatures, *class_labels = header.split(',')
...     return dict(enumerate(class_labels))
>>>
>>> run_tests()  
TestResults(failed=0, attempted=1)

>>> def get_data(line: str) -> tuple:
...     """
...     >>> convert('5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,0')
...     (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa')
...     >>> convert('7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,1')
...     (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor')
...     >>> convert('6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,2')
...     (6.3, 3.3, 6.0, 2.5, 'virginica')
...     """
...     *values, species = line.split(',')
...     values = map(float, values)
...     species = label_encoder[int(species)]
...     return tuple(values) + (species,)
>>>
>>> run_tests()  
TestResults(failed=0, attempted=3)

>>> header, *lines = DATA.splitlines()
>>> label_encoder = get_labelencoder(header)
>>> result = map(get_data, lines)

>>> list(result)  
[(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
 (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor'),
 (6.3, 3.3, 6.0, 2.5, 'virginica'),
 (4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
 (6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5, 'versicolor'),
 (5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, 'virginica')]

6.8.17. Use Case - 0x08¶

>>> 
... import pandas as pd
...
...
... DATA = 'https://python3.info/_static/phones-pl.csv'
...
... result = (
...     pd
...     .read_csv(DATA, parse_dates=['datetime'])
...     .set_index('datetime', drop=True)
...     .drop(columns=['id'])
...     .loc['2000-01-01':'2000-03-01']
...     .query('item == "sms"')
...     .groupby(['period','item'])
...     .agg(
...         duration_count = ('duration', 'count'),
...         duration_sum = ('duration', 'sum'),
...         duration_median = ('duration', 'median'),
...         duration_mean = ('duration', 'mean'),
...         duration_std = ('duration', 'std'),
...         duration_var = ('duration', 'var'),
...         value = ('duration', lambda column: column.mean().astype(int))
...     )
... )

6.8.18. Use Case - 0x09¶

>>> from functools import reduce
>>> from operator import add
>>>
>>>
>>> def even(x):
...     return x % 2 == 0
>>>
>>> def positive(x):
...     return x > 0
>>>
>>> def non_negative(x):
...     return x >= 0
>>>
>>> def square(x):
...     return x ** 2
>>>
>>> def add1(x):
...     return x + 1
>>>
>>> def minus1(x):
...     return x + 1

>>> data = range(0, 1024)
>>> data = filter(even, data)
>>> data = filter(positive, data)
>>> data = filter(non_negative, data)
>>> data = map(square, data)
>>> data = map(add1, data)
>>> data = map(minus1, data)
>>> result = reduce(add, data)
>>>
>>> result
178434046

>>> filters = [
...     even,
...     positive,
...     non_negative,
... ]
>>>
>>> maps = [
...     square,
...     add1,
...     minus1,
... ]
>>>
>>> def apply(data, fn):
...     return map(fn, data)
>>>
>>>
>>> data = range(0, 1024)
>>> data = reduce(apply, filters, data)
>>> data = reduce(apply, maps, data)
>>> result = reduce(add, data)
>>>
>>> result
3072

6.8.19. References¶

6.8.20. Assignments¶

Code 6.25. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Float
* Type: class assignment
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 2 min

English:
    1. Use `map()` to apply function `float()` to DATA
    2. Define `result: map` with result
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Użyj `map()` aby zaaplikować funkcję `float()` do DATA
    2. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z wynikiem
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()
    * str.upper()

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Evaluated `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is float for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be float'

    >>> result
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
"""

DATA = [1, 2, 3]


# Use `map()` to apply function `float()` to DATA
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.26. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Apply
* Type: class assignment
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 3 lines
* Time: 2 min

English:
    1. Define function `cube()`:
       a. takes one argument
       b. returns its argument cubed (raised to the power of 3)
    2. Use `map()` to apply function `cube()` to DATA
    3. Define `result: map` with result
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj funckję `cube()`:
       a. przyjmuje jeden argument
       b. zwraca argument podniesiony do sześcianu (do 3 potęgi)
    2. Użyj `map()` aby zaaplikować funkcję `cube()` do DATA
    3. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z wynikiem
    4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert isfunction(cube), \
    'Object `cube` must be a function'
    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Evaluated `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is int for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be int'

    >>> result
    [0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729]
"""

DATA = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

# Returns its argument cubed (raised to the power of 3)
# type: Callable[[int], [int]]
def cube(x):
    ...

# Cube numbers in DATA
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.27. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Apply
* Type: class assignment
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 3 lines
* Time: 3 min

English:
    1. Define function `upper()`:
       a. takes one argument (str)
       b. returns argument uppercased
    2. Use `map()` to apply function `upper()` to DATA
    3. Define `result: map` with result
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj funckję `upper()`:
       a. przyjmuje jeden argument (str)
       b. zwraca argument dużymi literami
    2. Użyj `map()` aby zaaplikować funkcję `upper()` do DATA
    3. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z wynikiem
    4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()
    * str.upper()

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert isfunction(upper), \
    'Object `upper` must be a function'
    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Evaluated `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is str for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be str'

    >>> result
    ['A', 'B', 'C']
"""

DATA = ['a', 'b', 'c']

# Define function `upper()`:
# - takes one argument (str)
# - returns argument uppercased
# type: Callable[[str], [str]]
def upper():
    ...

# Use `map()` to apply function `upper()` to DATA
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.28. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Apply
* Type: class assignment
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 2 min

English:
    1. Use `map()` to apply function `str.upper()` to DATA
    2. Do not define own function
    3. Define `result: map` with result
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Użyj `map()` aby zaaplikować funkcję `str.upper()` do DATA
    2. Nie definiuj własnej funkcji
    3. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z wynikiem
    4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()
    * str.upper()

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Evaluated `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is str for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be str'

    >>> result
    ['A', 'B', 'C']
"""

DATA = ['a', 'b', 'c']

# Use `map()` to apply function `str.upper()` to DATA
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.29. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map FromISOFormat
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 2 min

English:
    1. Define `result: map` with parsed `DATA` dates
    2. Use `map()` and `datetime.fromisoformat()`
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj `result: map` ze sparsowanymi datami `DATA`
    2. Użyj `map()` oraz `datetime.fromisoformat()`
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `map()`
    * `datetime.fromisoformat()`

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from pprint import pprint

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, must be a map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, must be a list'

    >>> assert all(type(element) is datetime for element in result), \
    'All elements in `result` must be a datetime'

    >>> pprint(result, width=30)
    [datetime.datetime(1961, 4, 12, 6, 7),
     datetime.datetime(1961, 4, 12, 6, 7)]
"""

from datetime import datetime

DATA = [
    '1961-04-12 06:07',
    '1961-04-12 06:07:00',
]

# Define `result: map` with parsed `DATA` dates
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.30. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Login
* Complexity: medium
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 2 min

English:
    1. Define `result: map` with logged users from `DATA`
    2. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z zalogowanymi użytkownikami z `DATA`
    2. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()
    * class.method(instance)

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from pprint import pprint

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, must be a list'

    >>> assert all(type(element) is str for element in result), \
    'All elements in `result` must be a str'

    >>> pprint(result, width=30)
    ['User logged-in: mwatney',
     'User logged-in: mlewis']
"""

class User:
    def __init__(self, username, password):
        self.username = username
        self.password = password

    def login(self):
        return f'User logged-in: {self.username}'


USERS = [
    User('mwatney', 'Ares3'),
    User('mlewis', 'Nasa69'),
]

result = ...

Code 6.31. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Logs
* Complexity: medium
* Lines of code: 7 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Define `parse()` to extract date, time, level and message
    2. Define `result: map` with `parse()` function applied to `DATA`
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj `parse()` do wyciągnięcia dat, czasu, poziomu i wiadomości
    2. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z funkcją `parse() zaaplikowaną do danych
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hint:
    * Note, that last time has no seconds
    * This is not bug, time without seconds is in NASA history records [1]

References:
    [1] National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
        Apollo 11 timeline.
        Year: 1969. Retrieved: 2021-03-25.
        URL: https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_11i_Timeline.htm

Hints:
    * `str.splitlines()`
    * `str.split(', ', maxsplit=3)`
    * `date.fromisoformat()`
    * `time.fromisoformat()`
    * `datetime.combine()`

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from pprint import pprint

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, must be a list'

    >>> assert all(type(row) is dict for row in result), \
    'All elements in result must be dict'

    >>> pprint(result)
    [{'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'Terminal countdown started',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 14, 21, 0)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'S-IC engine ignition (#5)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 13, 31, 53)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'Maximum dynamic pressure (735.17 lb/ft^2)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 13, 33, 23)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'S-II ignition',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 13, 34, 44)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'Launch escape tower jettisoned',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 13, 35, 17)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'S-II center engine cutoff',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 13, 39, 40)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'Translunar injection',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 16, 22, 13)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'CSM docked with LM/S-IVB',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 16, 56, 3)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'Lunar orbit insertion ignition',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 17, 21, 50)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'Lunar orbit circularization ignition',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 16, 21, 43, 36)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'CSM/LM undocked',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 20, 17, 44)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'LM powered descent engine ignition',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 20, 20, 5, 5)},
     {'level': 'ERROR',
      'message': 'LM 1202 alarm',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 20, 20, 10, 22)},
     {'level': 'ERROR',
      'message': 'LM 1201 alarm',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 20, 20, 14, 18)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'LM lunar landing',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 20, 20, 17, 39)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'EVA started (hatch open)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 2, 39, 33)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': '1st step taken lunar surface (CDR)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 2, 56, 15)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'Neil Armstrong first words on the Moon',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 2, 56, 15)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'Contingency sample collection started (CDR)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 3, 5, 58)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'LMP on lunar surface',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 3, 15, 16)},
     {'level': 'DEBUG',
      'message': 'EVA ended (hatch closed)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 5, 11, 13)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 17, 54)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'CSM/LM docked',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 21, 21, 35)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'Transearth injection ignition (SPS)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 22, 4, 55, 42)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'CM/SM separation',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 24, 16, 21, 12)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'Entry',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 24, 16, 35, 5)},
     {'level': 'WARNING',
      'message': 'Splashdown (went to apex-down)',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 24, 16, 50, 35)},
     {'level': 'INFO',
      'message': 'Crew egress',
      'when': datetime.datetime(1969, 7, 24, 17, 29)}]
"""
from datetime import date, datetime, time
from typing import Literal, TypedDict

DATA = """1969-07-14, 21:00:00, INFO, Terminal countdown started
1969-07-16, 13:31:53, WARNING, S-IC engine ignition (#5)
1969-07-16, 13:33:23, DEBUG, Maximum dynamic pressure (735.17 lb/ft^2)
1969-07-16, 13:34:44, WARNING, S-II ignition
1969-07-16, 13:35:17, DEBUG, Launch escape tower jettisoned
1969-07-16, 13:39:40, DEBUG, S-II center engine cutoff
1969-07-16, 16:22:13, INFO, Translunar injection
1969-07-16, 16:56:03, INFO, CSM docked with LM/S-IVB
1969-07-16, 17:21:50, INFO, Lunar orbit insertion ignition
1969-07-16, 21:43:36, INFO, Lunar orbit circularization ignition
1969-07-20, 17:44:00, INFO, CSM/LM undocked
1969-07-20, 20:05:05, WARNING, LM powered descent engine ignition
1969-07-20, 20:10:22, ERROR, LM 1202 alarm
1969-07-20, 20:14:18, ERROR, LM 1201 alarm
1969-07-20, 20:17:39, WARNING, LM lunar landing
1969-07-21, 02:39:33, DEBUG, EVA started (hatch open)
1969-07-21, 02:56:15, WARNING, 1st step taken lunar surface (CDR)
1969-07-21, 02:56:15, WARNING, Neil Armstrong first words on the Moon
1969-07-21, 03:05:58, DEBUG, Contingency sample collection started (CDR)
1969-07-21, 03:15:16, INFO, LMP on lunar surface
1969-07-21, 05:11:13, DEBUG, EVA ended (hatch closed)
1969-07-21, 17:54:00, WARNING, LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS)
1969-07-21, 21:35:00, INFO, CSM/LM docked
1969-07-22, 04:55:42, WARNING, Transearth injection ignition (SPS)
1969-07-24, 16:21:12, INFO, CM/SM separation
1969-07-24, 16:35:05, WARNING, Entry
1969-07-24, 16:50:35, WARNING, Splashdown (went to apex-down)
1969-07-24, 17:29, INFO, Crew egress"""

class Log(TypedDict):
    when: datetime
    level: Literal['DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL']
    message: str


# Define `parse()` to extract date, time, level and message
# type: Callable[[str], [Log]]
def parse(line: str) -> Log:
    ...

# Define `result: map` with `parse()` function applied to `DATA`
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.32. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map CSV
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 5 lines
* Time: 5 min

English:
    1. Define function `parse(str) -> list[tuple]`
    2. Define `result: map` with function `parse()` applied to `DATA`
    3. Convert numeric values to `float`
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj funkcję `parse(str) -> list[tuple]`
    2. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z funkcją `parse()` zaaplikowaną do `DATA`
    3. Przekonwertuj wartości numeryczne do `float`
    4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `str.strip()`
    * `str.split()`
    * `str.splitlines()`
    * `map()`
    * `float()`
    * ('hello',) - one element tuple
    * `(1, 2, 3) + ('hello',)` - adding tuples

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)  # expand map object
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is tuple for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be tuple'

    >>> result  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    [(5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, 'virginica'),
     (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
     (5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, 'versicolor')]
"""

DATA = """5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,virginica
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,setosa
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,versicolor"""


# values from file (note the tuple format!)
def parse(line):
    ...

# Define `result: map` with function `parse()` applied to `DATA`
# type: map
result = ...

Code 6.33. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map ReadTypeCast
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 6 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Define `class_labels: list[str]` from header (species names)
    2. Define `label_encoder: dict[int,str]` converting `class_labels`
       (species name index is the last digit in the line)
    3. Define function `parse(str) -> list[tuple]`
    4. Define `result: map` with function `parse()` applied to `DATA`
    5. Convert numeric values to `float`
    6. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj `class_labels: list[str]` z nagłówka (nazwy gatunków)
    2. Zdefiniuj `label_encoder: dict[int,str]` przekształcając `class_labels`
       (indeks nazwy gatunku to ostatnia cyfra w linii)
    3. Zdefiniuj funckję `parse(str) -> list[tuple]`
    4. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z funkcją `parse()` zaaplikowaną do `DATA`
    5. Przekonwertuj wartości numeryczne do `float`
    6. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `str.splitlines()`
    * `str.strip()`
    * `str.split()`
    * `result, *others = 1, 2, 3, 4`
    * `dict()`
    * `enumerate()`
    * `map()`
    * `float()`
    * `('hello',)` - one element tuple
    * `(1, 2, 3) + ('hello',)` - adding tuples

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)  # expand map object
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is tuple for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be tuple'

    >>> result  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    [(5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, 'virginica'),
     (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
     (5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, 'versicolor')]
"""

DATA = """3,4,setosa,virginica,versicolor
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,1
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,0
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,2"""

header, *lines = DATA.splitlines()
nrows, nfeatures, *class_labels = header.strip().split(',')
label_encoder = dict(enumerate(class_labels))

def parse(line):
    ...

result = ...

Code 6.34. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: Idiom Map Parse
* Type: class assignment
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 7 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Use `map()` to apply function `convert()` to DATA
    2. Function `convert()`:
        a. Takes string
        b. Splits string
        c. Returns `dict` with `ip` and `hosts` as keys, example:
           {'ip': '10.13.37.1', 'hosts': ['nasa.gov', 'esa.int']}
    2. Define `result: map` with result
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Użyj `map()` aby zaaplikować funkcję `convert()` do DATA
    2. Funkcja `convert()`:
        a. Przyjmuje stringa
        b. Dzieli stringa
        c. Zwraca `dict` z `ip` i `hosts` jako klucze, przykład:
           {'ip': '10.13.37.1', 'hosts': ['nasa.gov', 'esa.int']}
    2. Zdefiniuj `result: map` z wynikiem
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * map()

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert isfunction(convert), \
    'Object `parse` must be a function'

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'

    >>> assert type(result) is map, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be map'

    >>> result = list(result)
    >>> assert type(result) is list, \
    'Evaluated `result` has invalid type, should be list'

    >>> assert all(type(x) is dict for x in result), \
    'All rows in `result` should be dict'

    >>> list(result)  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    [{'ip': '127.0.0.1', 'hosts': ['localhost']},
     {'ip': '127.0.0.1', 'hosts': ['astromatt']},
     {'ip': '10.13.37.1', 'hosts': ['nasa.gov', 'esa.int']},
     {'ip': '255.255.255.255', 'hosts': ['broadcasthost']},
     {'ip': '::1', 'hosts': ['localhost']}]
"""

DATA = """127.0.0.1       localhost
127.0.0.1       astromatt
10.13.37.1      nasa.gov esa.int
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1             localhost"""

def convert(line):
    ...

result = ...